![]() Derivations of theorems in Godel’s system C4. ![]() That it is necessary that there is a God-like being 5. Hartshorne’s modal ontological argument B3. Truth and actuality at possible worlds A3. A demotion of the argument from a proof, to a license to believe Appendix A. But that – that conceivability entails possibility – is simply not true! 9. Friends of ontological arguments respond 8. Foes of ontological arguments say that their possibility-premises beg questions 7. Rules of inference and forms of derivationsĬontents III. Part Four: Immanuel Kant’s critique of Descartes’s ontological argument Appendix A. Part One: Ren´e Descartes’s ontological proof 3. Might there not be a god, even if there is a perfect being?Īrguments for the existence of god II. Might there be a god, even if there is not a perfect being? 8. The common conception of traditional theology 7. The philosophers’ conception of God – God as a perfect being 6. The core attitudinal conception of God 5. Names in questions of existence and belief 3. Ah, love, let us be true To one another! for the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain And we are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night. The Sea of Faith Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled, But now I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating, to the breath Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world. Sophocles long ago Heard it on the Aegean, and it brought Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow Of human misery we Find also in the sound a thought, Hearing it by this distant northern sea. Come to the window, sweet is the night-air! Only, from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land, Listen! you hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, At their return, up the high strand, Begin, and cease, and then again begin With tremulous cadence slow, and bring The eternal note of sadness in. Anthur Hugh Cloughĭover Beach The sea is calm to-night The tide is full, the moon lies fair Upon the straits – on the French coast the light Gleams and is gone the cliffs of England stand, Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay. But country folks who live beneath The shadow of the steeple The parson and the parson’s wife, And mostly married people Youths green and happy in first love, So thankful for illusion And men caught out in what the world Calls guilt, in first confusion And almost everyone when age Disease, or sorrows strike him, Inclines to think there is a God, Or something very like him. There is No God ‘There is no God,’ the wicked saith, ‘And truly it’s a blessing, For what he might have done with us It’s better only guessing.’ ‘There is no God,’a youngster thinks, ‘Or really, if there may be, He surely didn’t mean a man Always to be a baby.’ ‘There is no God, or if there is,’ The tradesman thinks, ‘twere funny If he should take it ill in me To make a little money.’ ‘Whether there be,’ the rich man says, ‘It matters very little, For I and mine, thank somebody, Are not in want of victual.’ Some others, also to themselves, Who scarce so much as doubt it, Think there is none, when they are well, And do not think about it. JORDAN HOWARD SOBEL University of Toronto Logic and Theism Arguments For and Against Beliefs in God ![]() Jordan Howard Sobel is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Toronto. This book will be a valuable resource for philosophers of religion and theologians and will interest logicians and mathematicians as well. For readers with a technical background in logic there are appendices that present formal proofs in a system for quantified modal logic, a theory of possible worlds, notes on Cantorian set theory, and remarks concerning nonstandard hyperreal numbers. There are discussions of Cantorian problems for omniscience, of challenges to divine omnipotence, and of the compatibility of everlasting complete knowledge of the world with free will. The last chapter examines Pascalian arguments for and against belief regardless of existence. Following these chapters are two chapters considering arguments against that existence. Arguments for the existence of God analyzed in the first six chapters include ontological arguments from Anselm through Godel, ¨ the cosmological arguments of Aquinas and Leibniz, and arguments from evidence for design and miracles. Logic and Theism Arguments For and Against Beliefs in God This is a wide-ranging book about arguments for and against belief in God. ![]()
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